Intitally shared on the AIDEM, 10th October 2022: On the eve of World Mental Health Day, Dr. Chitra Venkateswaran, Psycho-Oncologist and Clinical Director of Mehac Foundation, interviews Dr. Mhoira E.F. Leng, a renowned international palliative care expert from the United Kingdom. Dr. Mhoira has been instrumental in coordinating pain and palliative care work across the globe. Her vision of palliative care encompasses the values of compassion, dignity, hope, and community involvement.

Highlights from the interview:

[Regarding palliative care]: “we recognize that it's something that needs to be connected deeply, to individuals; individuals affected by palliative care need, individuals who are offering palliative care need, but actually, they together form communities. And if we can connect with meaning, and hope, and values, and what we're going to say about the most marginalized in our communities, to our core humanity, then I think palliative care begins to make sense. If we see it simply as a medical specialty, it stays in the hospital setting and the medical setting.” – Dr Mhoira Leng

“We have a role as a doctor as, as medical professionals, as healthcare professionals, to take care of people who need palliative care. That is probably one of the most important sections of palliative care. But I believe that palliative care as a philosophy has much more relevance in the dimensions of people's lives or in communities.” – Dr Chitra Venkateswaran

“At the core of everything we do are our values, and the values that are distilled out in palliative care, because it deals with such crucial issues such crucial times in our lives, it makes us reflect on and maybe even challenge and develop our values. And I think we've seen this in these last few years with the pressures of a pandemic. We've seen it in Kerala [India] with the floods, and the pressures and challenges that came from that, and different parts of the world different ways. But it brings us back to what's important, what gives our life meaning.” – Dr Mhoira Leng

“Access to medicines like morphine as painkiller [are] absolutely vital. But why is it vital? It's so that when we have our pain controlled, we can have those conversations with our loved ones, we can make the decisions we want to make for our families. And I think it's that transformational ability that palliative care has. And there's one value I think we talk about a lot: compassion, yes. There's … an equation, people are talking about at the moment that compassion is awareness, plus empathy, plus action. And that equals compassion. And I think that's something that we see in the journey of palliative care.” – Dr Mhoira Leng

“That sense of being there for people, even when you don't have all the answers … and you're walking alongside that presence and holding that presence. Again, you can describe it almost like a candle, and you're holding those places between fear and doubt and hope and despair, those you're holding those places, not necessarily with all the answers, but saying ‘we are there,’ ‘we are going to do all we can to improve the quality of what's happening for you.’ But most of all, ‘we won’t abandon you.’ – Dr Mhoira Leng 

“I think that [there is a] balance between all these domains, you know; having a good symptom control, taking care of all the physical symptoms that a person has, but as well as looking into all those spiritual, these emotional aspects, the mental health issues, which again, came up really visibly, you know, noted during the COVID pandemic. I mean, we saw so much of a surge of mental health issues. We saw, you know, the grief that came in; the cumulative grief due to the losses.” – Dr Chitra Venkateswaran

“We're seeing it in different ways, where we are kind of defining ourselves by who we are and who somebody else is not. You know, we're increasingly defining ourselves, we're this and you're this. And I think what palliative care teaches us isn't the end of the day do these things matter? They don't. What matters is me as a human being connecting to you as a human being, at times in our lives, which are, are some of the most meaningful, the most difficult, but also the most precious. So I think more than ever, we should say to societies and settings, what is it that unites us? … perhaps palliative care brings us right back to that. It's about our common suffering, or common humanity and the compassion that we, we as individuals, but we as societies, and we as a global community, and need to remember, discover, celebrate, [and] develop to respond to the need.” – Dr Mhoira Leng

“If we just take end of life care: it's such a precious time, it's the last time we spend with loved ones. It's such an important time to make sure that things like pain is controlled, that people are not distressed … there's everything we can do, to support families, to support the process. So that, that, that can be as meaningful and gracious as possible so that the loved ones can hold their hand and be there together, they can say the things that are important to them. That things like saying, ‘I'm sorry,’ reconnecting, building relationships, seeing priorities can happen. And perhaps we need to bring that into our conversations.” – Dr Mhoira Leng

“The clinical or the, the medical fraternity also perceives death as a failure. Isn't it like, when somebody dies, someone with a chronic illness (or even any illness dies), they perceive it as their own failure to cure them, because cure is the ultimate success. So to gently let go, you know, for the physicians or for the medical professionals, as well, to know when to stop …” – Dr Chitra Venkateswaran

“When we talk about clinicians, you know, changing their perspective about how to manage, I think the start should be also discussion about death openly in the society. And I have seen it, there's been a lot of efforts from colleagues and friends across India, they, they have these death cafes, where people talk about it talk about death and dying in a much more open way. Because we usually do not—that is a taboo word isn’t it—you do not talk about that. It's as if that it has not happened to me, it happens to somebody else.” – Dr Chitra Venkateswaran

“Palliative care allows us to move back again. Maybe countries like India, or many other countries in Africa, and Palestine can teach also about what it means to be a collectivist, absolutely collectivist community orientated. But still, we need to make sure we're discussing life and death and all its glory, and its joys, and also its pains and its challenges. So I think it's important to also remember that palliative care and being human is something that brings laughter and joy, as well as tears and sorrow—and it's that whole package that makes us human.” – Dr Mhoira Leng

Feedback from the interview:

“Dr. Chitra and Dr. Mhoira,
It was really an excellent conversation. Really everyone needs to listen to this, within a short time what is palliative is clear. Hats off to both of you.
Watched the whole interview.” 
– Stella Alice Verginia

“Great to hear such a comprehensive, global, yet relatable aspects of Palliative Care from Mhoira. Thank you for that.
Excellent conversation Dr. Chitra. You should do this more often.”
– Dr Biju Rhagavan

“Beautiful, explained the profound philosophy of palliative care.
Congrats Mhoira and Chitra.”
– Dr Geetha Vijay

“Mhoira, I just listened to your excellent talk with Chitra about compassion & dignity. I found myself taking notes again! 
I loved your expansion of ‘compassion’. Many in my circle had awareness but lacked empathy & action.
Thank you for your Gaza stories, a situation that distresses me greatly.”
– Dr Ann Thyle

Phillip Amol Kuol is all about giving back; as a South Sudanese refugee living in Northern Uganda, he opted to assist as a translator then volunteer in a village health team (VHT), where he received palliative care training through the Transform Project. Phillip is now a Cairdeas Scholar and pursuing a bachelor’s degree in social work as he continues to serve his community. Below is the summary and quotes from a phone interview with Phillip, as told to Hannah Ikong on 19th October 2022. 

There is so much to tell, it is hard to know where to begin! I think Phillip could write a book one day on his experiences and lessons learnt. We agreed though to start the conversation with the item that connects Phillip to Cairdeas, and that is palliative care.

Phillip’s first encounter with palliative care healthcare providers was in Adjumani camp, where he was working as a translator for South Sudanese refugees at a community health centre. Vicky Opia, from Peace Hospice Adjumani, visited the health centre to see a child who had previously even gone to Kampala due to their chronic illness, and she needed Phillip’s assistance in communicating to the family. Phillip’s interactions with Vicky Opia continued and she referred him to other staff of the Mulago Palliative Care Unit and Cairdeas IPCT. Soon after, Phillip was invited by the team of the Transform Project for the Volunteer Health Team (VHT) palliative care training in 2019. 

Phillip remembers fondly the times of training for palliative care as a VHT and the ongoing discussions between himself and the trainers. “I am so proud of the [palliative care] training, and that is why I am so thankful to them. So that training has really opened up my mind and it has helped me to change the lives of the adolescents, to change the life of the elderly, and I still hoping to change more in the lives of the refugees. That is, in the life of my countrymen.”

With one person in particular, Dr Mhoira Leng, he shared about his course in child protection at Nsamizi Training Institute at Adjumani, as well as his dream to become a social worker. “She told me that, we are going to look for a chance for you to go and study,” recounts Phillip, “What do you want to do, actually, that’s the question that she offered to me. I told her that I wanted to be a social worker, I am interested in doing social work to back my child protection paper up (because child protection was for two years). And she said it was okay.”

Through a Cairdeas scholarship, Phillip started attending Uganda Christian University (UCU) in September 2021. He initially was able to attend the Adjumani Teaching Centre branch of UCU but as it has since closed (due to reasons unknown to Phillip), his studies have come through the UCU Arua Campus in Northwest Uganda. He is already in his third semester of school, where his current classes are preparing him for not only social work, but social administration and community health.

“I am doing social work and social practice theories,” Phillip explained to me over our phone call, “and at the same time I am doing what they call worldview … where I am supposed to search out for the social problem and I am supposed to write some report about it.” In addition to course work, Phillip has been active in the UCU internships and has some upcoming fieldwork to complete. He plans to graduate with his diploma in social work and social administration in September 2023, then he will continue with a two year course to obtain a bachelor's degree in social work and social administration.

Phillip shared a few stories with me, which reflected his heart towards reaching the whole community, both young and old, male and female, regardless of their condition or chronic illness. As he explained to me later – “I do see everyone as a family member.” Early in his service at the Adjumani camp health centre, he vividly remembers counselling a distraught young woman who was considering an abortion. He was able to find out the reasons why she was so distressed and talk about all her options with her. Through their conversations, he recalled, she began to feel more confident and at peace and later she decided to keep her pregnancy. They still stay in touch to this day, and Phillip reports that she has a growing, handsome boy and greatly appreciates his continued listening ear, compassion, and guidance. 

He told me about being a VHT and providing palliative care services to an elderly “Mzee” (gentleman) living with his son. Phillip brought the Mzee medicine, and he counselled, encouraged, and prayed with both the Mzee and his son. Initially the son did not know how nor want to tend to his father and was distant, but with Phillip’s guidance he began an active carer for Mzee. Phillip then told me about his last visit with them both, and he recalls that Mzee was smiling, laughing and chatting with Phillip and his son. “It was around 6 in the evening when the son was taking him inside,” he narrated. “He told the son, ‘My son, I never know when I am going to die. So take this goat … you pick it when I die and you slaughter it, the people who are going to bury me are the ones going to eat that goat.’” Little did anyone know that within the same night, the Mzee would pass away. With the holistic approach of palliative care—counselling, medications, spiritual and social support—the Mzee had a good end of life experience and peaceful death. “When you take care of someone very well,” Phillip concluded, “the person will leave you with his blessings and die comfortably.”

The work that Phillip does as a VHT as well as the classwork and internships for social work can become demanding at times. I asked Phillip if he had any mentors or people who encouraged him.  “My elder brother is one of my mentors, and Dr Mhoira is one of the mentors who have really kept me ‘up’ and Madame Vicky Opia.”

He shared that there has been so many who have shared with him and sharpened him along the way, as well as those who have confirmed his call of social work. When he was studying child protection at Nsamizi, for example, he had a teacher called Peter who would talk with him individually and explain how he could make a difference. Phillip also cites the palliative care trainings as a VHT that have encouraged him in social work, with an emphasis on the heart of the social worker (or carer) to stand together with those in their suffering. 

As a refugee, Phillip is well acquainted with suffering: he grew up in a warzone, like many others have in his community. As he draws closer to finishing his studies a social worker, he both feels and see the great need of counselling, education, and the open sharing of ideas in such areas as his own. These needs further compel him to do social work and even to pursue higher education, when possible, to better serve those around him.

When I asked him whether he wanted to work more with South Sudanese refugees (like himself) or with Ugandan host communities, he replied yes, and even more; in time, he wants to be an international social worker. He looks forward to collaborating with other social workers and change agents, including the palliative care units and other healthcare teams, to reach more people. After he described his dreams and what he hopes to achieve in his community and other places, I remarked that, “Sounds like your dream is about making the world a better place,” and Phillip could not agree more. “Social work needs commitment, it needs a lot of time, and it needs that kind heart and good heart to sacrifice yourself,” Phillip told me. “And I am ready to sacrifice myself for that.”

As we finalised the interview, I inquired about his version of a perfect day. Would it be a workday or a weekend? What would you do or where would you go? Phillip responded that “his perfect day” would not come until more things would be made right around the globe. “My perfect day would be,” he shared, when “all the world will have most of the social workers who are trained, so that world and every community will have knowledge of palliative care, socialisation, and peace … this would be to solve most of the injustice, criminal activities, and crimes against humanity, war and the suffering of the refugees all over.”

Phillip then thanked me for the time spent interviewing as well as for Cairdeas’ scholarship towards his social work education. He concluded, “That’s what I am so interested also to offer to others; to change others’ lives like the way people are giving their time towards my life. I am really thankful.”

This blog was orginally published by the Indian Association of Palliative Care, IAPC, on 25th August 2022.

For too long the voices of indigenous people the world over have been relegated to the margins. Our focus as a global community has been on progress which is all too often measured in economic development, an emphasis on a biomedical view in scientific thinking, a desire for cure at all costs in chronic illness management and the emphasis of the individual and their society over another.

Streams of ancient wisdom, rich culture and deep spirituality have been passed over or even actively suppressed. As our world faces the existential threats of climate degradation leading to a perfect storm that endangers the health of our planet with the health or flora and fauna and of course the health of each person. [i] Our global consciousness seems to be finally waking up to these dangers and broadening its scope to hitherto less regarded sources of wisdom and ways of being that may help achieve a paradigm shift in perceptions and actions. 

It is time to consider how we can transform our way of living and being before it is too late for the health of our planet, our peoples and ourselves. Perhaps the global community more than ever needs to listen to the voices of indigenous peoples. Perhaps in the global palliative care community, where we are so aware of the need for active listening, we can ensure this includes the experience and wisdom of indigenous peoples.

Marginalisation and separation

In most of our world indigenous peoples, at times known as primal or tribal peoples, have shown incredible resilience to survive and even thrive despite lack of sovereignty, environmental degradation that has affected them disproportionately added to the lack of political voice or rights to their ancestral land. [ii] Despite the UN Charter on the rights of indigenous peoples ‘affirming that indigenous peoples are equal to all other peoples’ this is very often not the reality. [iii]

If we take the example of the North East of India there is a geographical challenge of the terrain and the lack of transport networks added to the lack of political determination despite indigenous peoples in several states being the majority of the population. Food, dress, language, culture, identity all are very different to other parts of India and while some indices such as education and literacy are far higher, others such as opportunity and self-determination are much less. Further south, in Wayanad, Kerala, we see ways of living offered to tribal peoples but not co-created with little understanding of their link to land and ongoing struggles for recognition. [iv]

Interestingly, this ‘marginalisation’ may also be a world view since many indigenous or tribal groups identify strongly with their setting and land. They are in fact at the centre of their homeland and it puts the rest of us at the margins. [v]

This link with land is far more than just geography and includes a deep inter-connectedness which can still be seen in the protection of biodiversity and ability to live in harmony with ‘mother earth’. Yet globalisation, colonisation and attempts at ‘civilization’ have led to culture, language, traditional beliefs and wisdom has been side-lined or even suppressed, displacement leads to loss of traditional ways of living, loss of vital ecological knowledge, lack of access to traditional medicines and loss of livelihoods often with social stigmatisation and isolation.  All of this leads to a generational impact.

There is a wider impact which is increasingly being understood in terms of the health of our planetary environment and people. [vi] We have heard the cry of ‘nihil de nobis, sine nobis or nothing about us without us [vii]’ from people groups such as HIV/AIDS and disability activists but this needs to also include indigenous peoples whose experience is so often projects and care ‘done to them’ even by those who seek to help. What does this mean for how we develop and deliver palliative care and in who and how we engage in the community? What does it mean for our understanding of what constitutes holistic context of palliative care where a person beliefs, culture, community, connectedness, faith, hopes and fears are inextricably intertwined with their physical, socioeconomic and psychological experience?

‘No man is an island…never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee [viii]’. no matter how much we slide into an individualistic or even nationalistic worldviews the truth of our common humanity is clear to see. We see the dangers of this narrow worldview in relation to climate degradation and the deep inequalities in our world with the resultant harm to each person are being exposed. Our world has recently experienced the COVID19 global pandemic. As vaccines became available in record time the global community had a decision to make. Would the relationships that links us, particularly in the era of infectious disease and global travel, lead to a deeper realisation that what affects one person and one nation affects all or would this drive a wedge based not on global health but on national interest. Antonio Guterres, UN secretary general, summed this up when he reprimanded the world for the inequitable distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, describing it as an “obscenity” and giving the globe an “F in Ethics [ix].” He spoke to world leaders of the images from some parts of the world of expired and unused vaccines in the garbage; with the majority of the wealthier world immunised while more than 90% of Africa has not even received one dose. He suggests “At this critical moment, vaccine equity is the biggest moral test before the global community [x].”

Perhaps listening to the wisdom of indigenous peoples is a crucial part of the paradigm shift that is needed in planetary health and palliative care.

Interconnectedness

At the heart of this shift is the urgent need to move away from a perspective which sees the individual as the most important with our relationship to the earth as something we can use and subjugate and instead turn to ancient ways of thinking where we realise the inter-connectedness of each person and each part of the planet in which we live. Two concepts from Southern Africa and from North East India offer an insight into how interconnectedness can be a transformational influence on societal and individual thinking and being and so in turn impact on our thinking and practice for palliative care.

Ubuntu is an Nguni word and represents a concept common in Southern African Cultures. It speaks of our common humanity and the understanding that we are who we are through our connectedness with others. It is sometimes represented as ‘I am because we are’.

Archbishop Desmon Tutu explained the concept ‘My humanity is caught up, is inextricably bound up, in yours. We belong in a bundle of life. We say a person is a person through other persons [xi]’. Again Barak Obama spoke of Ubuntu at the funeral of Nelson Mandela saying the spirit of ubuntu is a “recognition that we are all bound together in ways that are invisible to the eye; that there is a oneness to humanity; that we achieve ourselves by sharing ourselves with others, and caring for those around us [xii].”

This common humanity, equality and inherent value is at the heart of palliative care and has helped to inform and transform thinking about the culture and context of palliative care in many settings. In children’s palliative care ‘ubuntu’ can help with the transitions from health to illness and survivorship. It can also ensure the child as well as the adult remains connected to society and address the profound dislocation, alienation and isolation that people living with or affected by serious health related suffering can experience.

Ubuntu also has relevance to the living networks of community members, carers, health and social care workers and policy makers advocating for palliative care. This can be seen in many declarations of and for palliative care including the ICCPN statement of 2005. ‘As a community of palliative care practitioners we recognize that disparities exist within and between countries and services, but collectively we are a rich resource of knowledge, skills and judgment; and we commit to share all that we can to achieve this joint vision [xiii].”

Khankho was the underpinning to traditional Kuki life and offered grounding, sustaining and direction to this primal or tribal society based in the North East of India; now mostly in Manipur. ‘Life was seen as interdependent, relational and inclusive and was shared in a community expressed through integrity, honesty, love, justice, fairness and selfless service of one another [xiv]’. This led to a scared and high view of human life which turn evolved ways to relate to one another including the management of conflict or transgressions and how to live in harmony with the natural world. The word itself is derived from khan ‘to grow or behave’ and kho ‘sensibility or awareness of ones surroundings’.

Dr Haokip is the founder and director of Bethesda Khankho Institute in Manipur working with indigenous communities and teaching contextual theology in relation to indigenous knowledge and traditions. He writes of the challenge of trying to define Khankho using concepts form our modern systems of thought and being. He says ‘Khankho is leading a life in tune with the culture grounded in love, care, fairness and justice. It expresses connectedness, interdependence and sharing in the celebration of life in community.’

This crucially extends to what we often refer to as the natural world. It is seen as a ‘living world infused with spirit and so capable of knowing joy, pain, distress and hope.’ An example given are the rice plants which is seen by the farmer as a living things requiring care and bad words should not be spoken against them. This is in direct contrast to the concept of subjugation of the natural world and exploitation of resources.

The work of the Bethesda Institute is having a direct bearing on all aspects of community life including health care, chronic illness and holistic palliative care. There has been an initial discussion of how palliative care can be understood and support offered through the concepts of Khankho during a  visit by the author.

It also shows how a traditional wisdom can change our understanding of theology and spirituality and the need for very different ways of understanding our traditional palliative care domains. When we examine our understanding spirituality the concepts of meaning, belonging, value, purpose, forgiveness, hope, presence, transcendence are central. Our understanding of spirituality in palliative care can be transformed and informed by insights from indigenous wisdom.

Mizoram, one of the most remote and difficult to access states in North East India, also has one of the highest tribal populations; mostly the Mizo people. The author has observed the way inter-connectedness is a reality in the development of palliative care. Traditional ways of being are deeply linked to Christian faith practices and located in the community locality. In Aisawl, the capital city set high on the beautiful foothills of the Himalayas, when a person dies a bell is rung and the community respond. The young people (Young Mizo Association members) start to organise what is needed, members come to sit with the bereaved and offer support, both practical and spiritual. News is shared quickly including via media. Members of this community habitually meet daily for prayers and so needs are attended to through that tight and interconnected structure. When we sought to discuss the concept of volunteering in palliative care as seen in other parts of India such as Kerala, it became clear their society already had a deeply held and societal means of support that could be the medium for palliative care support and end of life care.

Compassion

Flowing from our interconnectedness to one another and our planet is compassion. It is a natural outworking of truly seeing and experiencing our common humanity, being impacted and moved by the experience of others and stirred to making a difference. This journey is a daily experience in our palliative care movement as we listen to the stories and motivations of those with palliative care needs alongside our colleagues and pioneers. MR Rajagopal, often referred to as the father of palliative care in India, explores this in his recent memoir has the poignant title ‘Walk with the weary : Lessons in humanity in health care [xv]’.

In the introduction to the Sustainable Development Goals [xvi] it says “if we realize our ambitions across the full extent of the Agenda, the lives of all will be profoundly improved and our world will be transformed for the better”. The document was entitled ‘Transforming our World’ and should not be seen as a list of separate goals but rather an interconnected and integrated roadmap that helps us coordinate a global response. The transformational and compassionate nature of this ground breaking approach can be seen in such terms in the document such as ‘healing of the nations’ and ‘leaving no one behind’.Liz Grant, a global leader in planetary health and compassion thinking, states that ‘compassion is the glue that holds the sustainable goals together [xvii][xviii].’

Compassion as an essential paradigm in global health and crucial to achieving quality health care. Sham Syed has penned this equation for our time.

Awareness + empathy + action = compassion. [xix]

Compassion is also a crucial component as a key indicator of quality outcomes in a health care system. This has particular relevance for marginalised or fragile communities and is in important in the development of a different approach for health leadership [xx].

Listening to voices and experiences of indigenous peoples helps us to an understanding of compassion which encompasses, is informed by and transformed through indigenous wisdom. It can help us understand how we can develop and demonstrate compassion for each other, for our world, for those on the margins of society and for ourselves. It is that from that deep value and transformational force that is compassion that we can start to re-discover our common humanity, the value of each person and perhaps begin to listen to those so often overlooked. In compassion we can discover a dynamic way of responding to the needs of others and to the burden of health related suffering and environmental degradation we are experiencing.

Our global community has affirmed ‘that all peoples contribute to the diversity and richness of civilizations and cultures, which constitute the common heritage of humankind.

In Voices from the Margins Jangkholam Haokip and David Smith state ‘There is a growing realisation that recurring economic and social crises across the world threaten the very survival of the earth in all its beauty and variety, and that the wisdom embedded in ‘indigenous knowledge’ has something vital to offer….to broader debates in religious, ecological, social and political issues in the era of globalisation [xxi]‘.

Perhaps it is this community heritage that must be recognised, valued and its wisdom allowed to influence and shape our world and its peoples today and to be a fulcrum for greater understanding and deeper compassion in our palliative care community as we actively listen.

References

[i] UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar5/
[ii] Redvers, Nicole et al The determinants of planetary health: an Indigenous consensus perspective Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6: e156–63
[iii] United Nations declaration on the rights of Indigenous Peoples. Sept 13, 2007. https://www.un.org/development/desa/ indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf (accessed March 20, 2021).
[iv] https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tribals-in-wayanad-wait-for-the-promised-land/article19743621.ece
[v] Fabian Lyngdoh. The inculturation of Christianity among the Khasi people of Meghalaya State. Chapter in Voices from the margins; wisdom of Primal Peoples in the era of World Christianity Ed Jangkholam Haokip and David W Smith ISBN:978-1-83973-534-9
[vi] Redvers Nicola. The Value of Global Indigenous Knowledge in Planetary Health. Challenges 2018, 9, 30
[vii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_About_Us_Without_Us
[viii] John Donne 1672-1631 Accessed https://www.poetry.com/poem/22559/no-man-is-an-island
[ix] Guterres A. UNITED NATIONS address. Sept 21
[x] Press release United Nations 17th Feb 2021
[xi] Tutu D. No future without forgiveness.Image Pressworks, Portland, OR2000 https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/12/10/remarks-president-obama-memorial-service-former-south-african-president
[xiii] International Children’s Palliative Care Network statement on paediatric palliative care.South Korea, Seoul2005 (Available at:) www.icpcn.org
[xiv] Towards a Kuki contextual theology of Khankho. Jangkholam Haokip.Chapter in Voices from the margins; wisdom of Primal Peoples in the era of World Christianity Ed Jangkholam Haokip and David W Smith. ISBN:978-1-83973-534-9
[xv] MR Rajagopal ‘ Walk with the weary : Lessons in humanity in health care’ Notion press Feb 2022 ISBN‏:B09WKL2K56
[xvi] Transforming Our World; the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. United Nations 2015 https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/
[xvii] Grant Liz at al. A compassion narrative for the sustainable development goals: conscious and connected action. The Lancet, Volume 400, Issue 10345, 7 – 8
[xviii] Liz Grant. Global Health Academy University of Edinburgh.  Supporting Planetary Health and the Sustainable Development Goals https://www.ed.ac.uk/global-health/sdgs-and-compassion
[xix] Shams Syed, Unit Head, Quality of Care , WHO  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39G72FZ4Fb0 Global health Compassion Rounds Task Force for Global Health Emory University
[xx] Quality of care in fragile, conflict-affected and vulnerable settings: taking action16 December 2020 WHO https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015203
[xxi] Introduction in Voices from the margins; wisdom of Primal Peoples in the era of World Christianity Ed Jangkholam Haokip and David W Smith ISBN:978-1-83973-534-9